Clicker training relies on the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Proponents of clicker training focus on its precision, how the clicker can provide a source of immediate, consistent feedback. The animal can tell exactly when they’re doing the right thing. The sound of the click never changes. By using a clicker, Levy was able to not only provide instant feedback to his residents, but also able to remove emotion from the situation. Instead of focusing on their relationship with him, their teacher—trying not to disappoint him or seeking his praise—the students focus on learning to do the task properly. Clicker-trained animals remember what they learned years after training and develop confidence in their actions, and response systems like iClicker have been proven to support increased engagement during class and improved retention. Similarly, students who learn through a flipped classroom model demonstrate increased information retention and a higher confidence in their knowledge and abilities.