Mammals mark frequently in any situation where they are both intolerant of and dominant to other members of the same species. They mark when they are likely to attack another member of the same species, and are likely to win if they do attack. Such a situation occurs, as Hediger pointed out, in connection with territoriality but it also occurs in other kinds of social systems. Frequent, vigorous marking occurs at times when there is reason to infer that the animal is motivated to aggression. Many species mark with more than one source of scent in response to one stimulus or set of stimuli. Assessment of dominance hierarchy through urine scent marking and its chemical constituents in male blackbuck Antelope cervicapra, a critically endangered species. Scent marking strategies of New World primates. The behavioural role of the mammalian skin glands. Odorant source used in Eurasian beaver territory marking. Female urine-induced male mice ultrasonic vocalizations, but not scent-marking, is modulated by social experience.