Among 101 dog breeds, scientists found that certain behavioral traits such as trainability or aggression were more likely to be shared by genetically similar breeds. For traits such as aggression toward strangers, trainability and chasing, the researchers found that genes contribute 60 to 70 percent of behavioral variation among breeds. Poodles and border collies, for example, had higher trainability scores, while Chihuahuas and dachshunds had higher aggression toward strangers. No single gene was overwhelmingly associated with any behavior, suggesting that breed behavioral diversity arises from the complex interplay of many genes in addition to environmental differences. Most of these variants were associated with genes considered important to neurological development and function, which is exactly what you would predict for genes you think might be involved in affecting behavior. Wynne agreed that the study marked an important development for understanding how dogs take on certain temperaments. But dog owners shouldn’t take it to mean that their dog’s personalities are totally innate and predetermined, he says. There’s still an enormous amount of variation among individual dogs. So an individual is better treated as an individual, rather than as a representative of its breed.